In solids, electronic Bloch states are formed by atomic orbitals. While it is natural to expect that orbital composition and information about Bloch states can be manipulated and transported, in analogy to the spin degree of freedom extensively studied in past decades, it has been assumed that orbital quenching by the crystal field prevents significant dynamics of orbital degrees of freedom. However, recent studies reveal that an orbital current, given by the flow of electrons with a finite orbital angular momentum, can be electrically generated and transported in wide classes of materials despite the effect of orbital quenching in the ground state. Orbital currents also play a fundamental role in the mechanisms of other transport phenomena such as spin Hall effect and valley Hall effect. Most importantly, it has been proposed that orbital currents can be used to induce magnetization dynamics, which is one of the most pivotal and explored aspects of magnetism. Here, we give an overview of recent progress and the current status of research on orbital currents. We review proposed physical mechanisms for generating orbital currents and discuss candidate materials where orbital currents are manifest. We review recent experiments on orbital current generation and transport and discuss various experimental methods to quantify this elusive object at the heart of orbitronics —an area which exploits the orbital degree of freedom as an information carrier in solid-state devices.
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ISSN: 1286-4854
A Letters journal serving all areas of physics and its related fields, EPL publishes the highest quality research from around the world, and provides authors with fast, fair and constructive peer review thanks to an Editorial Board of active scientists, who are experts in their respective fields.
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Sauro Succi et al 2023 EPL 144 10001
We present a pedagogical introduction to the current state of quantum computing algorithms for the simulation of classical fluids. Different strategies, along with their potential merits and liabilities, are discussed and commented on.
Charles Andrew Downing and Muhammad Shoufie Ukhtary 2024 EPL 146 10001
The challenge of storing energy efficiently and sustainably is highly prominent within modern scientific investigations. Due to the ongoing trend of miniaturization, the design of expressly quantum storage devices is itself a crucial task within current quantum technological research. Here we provide a transparent analytic model of a two-component quantum battery, composed of a charger and an energy holder, which is driven by a short laser pulse. We provide simple expressions for the energy stored in the battery, the maximum amount of work which can be extracted, both the instantaneous and the average powers, and the relevant charging times. This allows us to discuss explicitly the optimal design of the battery in terms of the driving strength of the pulse, the coupling between the charger and the holder, and the inevitable energy loss into the environment. We anticipate that our theory can act as a helpful guide for the nascent experimental work building and characterizing the first generation of truly quantum batteries.
Francisco A. Rodrigues 2023 EPL 144 22001
Machine learning is a rapidly growing field with the potential to revolutionize many areas of science, including physics. This review provides a brief overview of machine learning in physics, covering the main concepts of supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, as well as more specialized topics such as causal inference, symbolic regression, and deep learning. We present some of the principal applications of machine learning in physics and discuss the associated challenges and perspectives.
Colin Benjamin and Ritesh Das 2024 EPL 146 16006
We propose a set of thermoelectric experiments based on Aharonov-Bohm interferometry to probe Majorana bound states (MBS), which are generated in 2D topological insulators (TI) in the presence of superconducting and ferromagnetic correlations via the proximity effect. The existence and nature (coupled or uncoupled) of these MBS can be determined by studying the charge and heat transport, specifically, the behavior of various thermoelectric coefficients like the Seebeck coefficient, Peltier coefficient, thermal conductance, and violations of Wiedemann-Franz law as a function of the Fermi energy and Aharonov-Bohm flux piercing the TI ring with the embedded MBS.
Haoran Liu et al 2024 EPL 145 61001
Network science has already been fruitful and confirmed effective on the description of real-world or abstract systems. An increasing number of researches and instances have successfully verified, however, that interactions in systems may occur among three, four, or even more components. The introduction of higher-order perspective brings a revolution on network science, and refreshes researchers' understanding of synchronization. Hence, an overview is presented here in regard of synchronization on higher-order networks. We start from an introduction of how the higher-order networks are represented using algebraic tools. Then a series of landmark researches on synchronization is reviewed under circumstances of whether or not the dynamics contains control. Finally, we summarize our conclusions and propose our outlooks on expectations of future works.
Mahdi Nasiri et al 2023 EPL 142 17001
The question of how "smart" active agents, like insects, microorganisms, or future colloidal robots need to steer to optimally reach or discover a target, such as an odor source, food, or a cancer cell in a complex environment has recently attracted great interest. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments, regarding such optimal navigation problems, from the micro- to the macroscale, and give a perspective by discussing some of the challenges which are ahead of us. Besides exemplifying an elementary approach to optimal navigation problems, the article focuses on works utilizing machine learning-based methods. Such learning-based approaches can uncover highly efficient navigation strategies even for problems that involve, e.g., chaotic, high-dimensional, or unknown environments and are hardly solvable based on conventional analytical or simulation methods.
David Röhlig et al 2024 EPL 145 26001
We propose a novel type of phononic crystal for which the materials parameters are continuous functions of space coordinates without discontinuities corresponding to a seamless fusion of the constituent materials within the crystal lattice. With the help of an adaptation of this fundamental approach, we extend the well-established concept of phononic crystals, allowing an investigation of the transition from conventional phononic crystals with a regulated step-like parameter function to the realm of so-called function phononic crystals. Our study is based on a first-principle theory assisted by high-performance computer simulations and focuses on an understanding of the effects of a deviation from the typical parameter step function on the phononic density of states (DOS). Our exploration of the DOS reveals a characteristic rapid convergence: even a slight deviation from an ideal step function has the potential to induce radical changes in the band structure leading to the emergence of desirable features, especially multiple complete phononic band gaps.
Zeynep Çoker et al 2023 EPL 143 59001
Based on the fractional black-hole entropy (Jalalzadeh S. et al., Eur. Phys. J. C, 81 (2021) 632), we derive the modified Friedmann equations from two different frameworks. First, we consider the modifications of Friedmann equations from the first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon. We show that the generalized second law (GSL) of thermodynamics always holds in a region bounded by the apparent horizon. Then, we obtain Friedmann equations from Verlinde's entropic gravity framework. We also compute the fractional corrections to the deceleration parameter q in the flat case k = 0 for both frameworks. Furthermore, we consider the time to reach the initial singularity for the two frameworks. The results indicate that the initial singularity is accessible for both frameworks. However, fractional effects may provide a constraint on the equation-of-state parameter in the entropic gravity scenario since the time is imaginary for .
Vaibhav Raj Singh Parmar and Ranjini Bandyopadhyay 2024 EPL 145 47001
The growth of interfacial instabilities during fluid displacements can be driven by gradients in pressure, viscosity and surface tension, and by applying external fields. Since displacements of non-Newtonian fluids such as polymer solutions, colloidal and granular slurries are ubiquitous in natural and industrial processes, understanding the growth mechanisms and fully developed morphologies of interfacial patterns involving non-Newtonian fluids is extremely important. In this perspective, we focus on displacement experiments, wherein competitions between capillary, viscous, elastic and frictional forces drive the onset and growth of primarily viscous fingering instabilities in confined geometries. We conclude by highlighting several exciting open problems in this research area.
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Luigi Cantini and Ali Zahra 2024 EPL 146 21006
We introduce a general method to determine the large-scale non-equilibrium steady-state properties of one-dimensional multi-species driven diffusive systems with open boundaries, generalizing thus the max-min current principle known for systems with a single type of particles. This method is based on the solution of the Riemann problem of the associated system of conservation laws. We demonstrate that the effective density of a reservoir depends not only on the corresponding boundary hopping rates but also on the dynamics of the entire system, emphasizing the interplay between bulk and reservoirs. We highlight the role of Riemann variables in establishing the phase diagram of such systems. We apply our method to three models of multi-species interacting particle systems and compare the theoretical predictions with numerical simulations.
Min Liu et al 2024 EPL 146 21001
Network resilience measures complex systems' ability to adjust its activity to retain the basic functionality for systematic errors or failures, which has attracted increasingly attention from various fields. Resilience analyses play an important role for early warning, prediction, and proposing potential strategies or designing optimal resilience systems. This letter reviews the advanced progress of network resilience from three aspects: Resilience measurement, resilience analysis, as well as resilience recovery strategies. We outline the challenges of network resilience which should be investigated in the future.
Qi Han et al 2024 EPL 146 18003
In this paper, it is sufficient to simply tensor the single-particle unitary operator U1 for the evolution operator U2 of two particles that do not have interactions. Subsequently, the operator U1 is diagonalized and the relative distance between two non-interacting particles on the 2D lattice at the moment t is obtained using the distance evolution operator.
A. Chilingarian et al 2024 EPL 146 24001
This letter presents a rare physical phenomenon associated with solar activity, manifesting in anomalies within neutron, electron, and gamma-ray fluxes in the atmosphere. Conventionally, the Earth's magnetic-field disturbances reduce cosmic-ray intensity reaching the surface. However, a temporary surge in cosmic-ray flux occurs intermittently known as the magnetospheric effect (ME). Our observations reveal that this effect predominantly induces a count rate increase in particle detectors positioned at middle latitudes on mountaintops. On November 5, 2023, a 2–3% increase in neutron monitors at mountain altitudes and up to 5% increase in thin plastic scintillators registering electrons and gamma rays was observed. This flux escalation coincided with a southward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. Importantly, we present, for the first time, the energy spectrum of the Magnetospheric Effect observed at two mountaintops: Aragats and Zugspitze. Simulations of low-energy proton interactions in the terrestrial atmosphere affirm the augmentation of low-energy cosmic rays. Protons, typically restricted by the geomagnetic cutoff, reached the Earth's atmosphere, generating detectable particle showers on the Earth's surface. To sum up, 1) we measure an increase in the count rate of magnetospheric origin using particle detectors located at mountain altitudes and middle latitudes; 2) for the first time, we measured the energy spectra of the particle fluxes during the magnetospheric effect with spectrometers located on Mount Aragats and Zugspitze; 3) particle flux enhancement coincides with the depletion of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field; 4) we explain why the magnetospheric effect was observed at mountain altitudes and not at sea level.
Negar Massihi et al 2024 EPL 146 21005
This paper examines the impact of nonlinear coupling on the synchronization of interconnected oscillators. Various powers of diffusive coupling are explored to introduce nonlinear effects, and the results are contrasted with those of linear diffusive coupling. The study employs three representative chaotic systems, namely, the Lorenz, Rössler, and Hindmarsh-Rose systems. Findings indicate that nonlinear couplings with power below one result in synchronization at lower coupling strengths. Additionally, the critical coupling strength reduces as the coupling power decreases. However, the synchronization region undergoes changes and becomes bounded. Conversely, for powers exceeding one, networks are either unable to synchronize or require higher coupling strengths compared to linear coupling.
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Sawicki et al
It is well known that synchronization patterns and coherence have a major role in the functioning of brain networks, both in pathological and in healthy states. In particular, in the perception of sound, one can observe an increase in coherence between the global dynamics in the network and the auditory input. In this perspective article, we show that synchronization scenarios are determined by a fine interplay between network topology, the location of the input, and frequencies of these cortical input signals. To this end, we analyze the influence of an external stimulation in a network of FitzHugh-Nagumo oscillators with empirically measured structural connectivity, and discuss different areas of cortical stimulation, including the auditory cortex.
Lübke et al
Synthetic turbulence is a relevant tool to study complex astrophysical and space plasma environments inaccessible by direct simulation. However, conventional models lack intermittent coherent structures, which are essential in realistic turbulence. We present a novel method featuring coherent structures, conditional structure function scaling and fieldline curvature statistics comparable to magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Enhanced transport of charged particles is investigated as well. This method presents significant progress towards physically faithful synthetic turbulence.
Zhukov et al
A unique combination of unusual magnetic properties, such as magnetic bistability associated with ultrafast domain wall propagation or ultrasoft magnetic properties, together with excellent mechanical and corrosion properties can be obtained in amorphous microwires. Such ferromagnetic microwires coated with insulating and flexible glass-coating with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 100 µm can be prepared using the Taylor-Ulitovsky method. Magnetic properties of glass-coated microwires are affected by chemical compositions of the metallic nucleus and can be substantially modified by post-processing. We provide an overview of the routes allowing tuning of hysteresis loops and domain wall dynamics in amorphous microwires and new experimental results on the dependence of hysteresis loops on exter-nal stimuli, such as applied stress and temperature.
Yao
Elucidating long-range interaction guided organization of matter is a fundamental question in physical systems covering multiple length scales. Here, based on the hexagonal disk model, we analyze the characteristic inhomogeneity created by long-range repulsions, and reveal the intrinsic conformal order in particle packings in equilibrium. Specifically, we highlight the delicate angle-preserved bending of the lattice to match the inhomogeneity condition. The revealed conformal order is found to be protected by the surrounding topological defects. These results advance our understanding on long-range interacting systems, and open the promising possibilities of using long-range forces to create particle packings not accessible by short-range forces, which may have practical consequences.
Wu et al
Investigating the community structures of bipartite networks is a frequent topic of discussion in the ecological and social fields. The most widely used methods, as proposed by numerous academics from varying perspectives, include spectral graph partitioning, modularity, nonnegative matrix factorization, and stochastic block model. In this paper, we demonstrate three equivalences among these four methods. One, both Dhillon spectral graph partitioning and Barber modularity clustering are equivalent to solving for the matrix's left and right singular vectors after relaxing the discrete constraints. Two, the nonnegative matrix factorization clustering is equivalent to the Dhillon spectral graph partitioning. Three, The bipartite stochastic block model is equivalent to the constraint-based NMF that uses K-L divergence as its cost function. These equivalences, obtained through rigorous mathematical derivations, will aid in the future development of efficient algorithms for community detection in bipartite networks.
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Jeremiah Lübke et al 2024 EPL
Synthetic turbulence is a relevant tool to study complex astrophysical and space plasma environments inaccessible by direct simulation. However, conventional models lack intermittent coherent structures, which are essential in realistic turbulence. We present a novel method featuring coherent structures, conditional structure function scaling and fieldline curvature statistics comparable to magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Enhanced transport of charged particles is investigated as well. This method presents significant progress towards physically faithful synthetic turbulence.
Arkady P. Zhukov et al 2024 EPL
A unique combination of unusual magnetic properties, such as magnetic bistability associated with ultrafast domain wall propagation or ultrasoft magnetic properties, together with excellent mechanical and corrosion properties can be obtained in amorphous microwires. Such ferromagnetic microwires coated with insulating and flexible glass-coating with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 100 µm can be prepared using the Taylor-Ulitovsky method. Magnetic properties of glass-coated microwires are affected by chemical compositions of the metallic nucleus and can be substantially modified by post-processing. We provide an overview of the routes allowing tuning of hysteresis loops and domain wall dynamics in amorphous microwires and new experimental results on the dependence of hysteresis loops on exter-nal stimuli, such as applied stress and temperature.
Qi Gao et al 2024 EPL
We analyze the static response to kinetic perturbations of nonequilibrium steady states that can be modeled as diffusions. We demonstrate that kinetic response is purely a nonequilibirum effect, measuring the degree to which the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem is violated out of equilibrium. For driven diffusions in a flat landscape, we further demonstrate that such response is constrained by the strength of the nonequilibrium driving via quantitative inequalities.
Ellen Luckins et al 2024 EPL
We consider a liquid containing impurities saturating a porous material; when the liquid evaporates, the impurities are deposited within the material. Applications include filtration and waterproof textiles. We present a mathematical model incorporating coupling between evaporation, accumulation and transport of the impurities, and the impact of the deposited impurities on the transport of both the suspended impurities and the liquid vapour. By simulating our model numerically, we investigate the role of temperature and repeated drying cycles on the location of the deposited impurities. Higher temperatures increase the evaporation rate so that impurities are transported further into porous material before depositing than for lower temperatures. We quantify two distinct parameter regimes in which the material clogs: (i) the dry-clogging (high-temperature) regime, in which impurities are pushed far into the material before clogging, and (ii) the wet-clogging (high-impurity) regime, in which liquid becomes trapped by the clogging. Clogging restricts the extent to which drying time can be reduced by increasing the temperature.
Charles Andrew Downing and Muhammad Shoufie Ukhtary 2024 EPL 146 10001
The challenge of storing energy efficiently and sustainably is highly prominent within modern scientific investigations. Due to the ongoing trend of miniaturization, the design of expressly quantum storage devices is itself a crucial task within current quantum technological research. Here we provide a transparent analytic model of a two-component quantum battery, composed of a charger and an energy holder, which is driven by a short laser pulse. We provide simple expressions for the energy stored in the battery, the maximum amount of work which can be extracted, both the instantaneous and the average powers, and the relevant charging times. This allows us to discuss explicitly the optimal design of the battery in terms of the driving strength of the pulse, the coupling between the charger and the holder, and the inevitable energy loss into the environment. We anticipate that our theory can act as a helpful guide for the nascent experimental work building and characterizing the first generation of truly quantum batteries.
Panayiotis A. Varotsos et al 2024 EPL
Upon employing the new concept of time, termed natural time, the analysis of seismicity reveals that, before major earthquakes, the variations of the Earth's electric and/or magnetic field are accompanied by increase of the fluctuations of the entropy change of seismicity under time reversal as well as by decrease of the fluctuations of the seismicity order parameter. Hence, natural time analysis reveals that before major earthquakes independent datasets of different geophysical observables (seismicity, Earth's magnetic and/or electric field) exhibit changes, which are observed simultaneously.
Zhiyu Zhang et al 2024 EPL 145 65003
A collision frequency measurement from the optical reflectivity of laser indirect-driven CH/Al/diamond on the SG-10kJ laser facility is presented. The optical reflectivity and the Al/diamond interface velocity were measured simultaneously by the velocity interferometer. The aluminum rear surface density was deduced from the interface velocity by analyzing the wave interaction. The deduced sample state was compared with the simulation and quite good agreement was found. The electron collision frequency was deduced by fitting the sample state to the optical reflectivity, and it is found that the experimental collision frequency agrees with a semi-empirical result within the error bar, but is larger than the simulated result based on the average-atom model with the hypernetted chain approximation.
J. Berx and K. Proesmans 2024 EPL 145 51001
We derive a universal lower bound on the Fano factors of general biochemical discriminatory networks involving irreversible catalysis steps, based on the thermodynamic uncertainty relation, and compare it to a numerically exact Pareto optimal front. This bound is completely general, involving only the reversible entropy production per product formed and the error fraction of the system. We then show that by judiciously choosing which transitions to include in the reversible entropy production, one can derive a family of bounds that can be fine-tuned to include physical observables at hand. Lastly, we test our bound by considering three discriminatory schemes: a multi-stage Michaelis-Menten network, a Michaelis-Menten network with correlations between subsequent products, and a multi-stage kinetic proofreading network, where for the latter application the bound is altered to include the hydrolytic cost of the proofreading steps. We find that our bound is remarkably tight.
Davide Venturelli et al 2024 EPL
We develop a framework for the stochastic thermodynamics of a probe coupled to a fluctuating medium with spatio-temporal correlations, described by a scalar field. For a Brownian particle dragged by a harmonic trap through a fluctuating Gaussian field, we show that near criticality (where the field displays long-range spatial correlations) the spatially-resolved average heat flux develops a dipolar structure, where heat is absorbed in front, and dissipated behind the dragged particle. Moreover, a perturbative calculation reveals that the dissipated power displays three distinct dynamical regimes depending on the drag velocity.
Luca Giuseppe Celardo et al 2024 EPL 145 35002
Searching for Anderson localization of light in three dimensions has challenged experimental and theoretical research for the last decades. Here the problem is analyzed through large-scale numerical simulations, using a radiative Hamiltonian, i.e., a non-Hermitian long-range hopping Hamiltonian, well suited to model light-matter interaction in cold atomic clouds. Light interaction in atomic clouds is considered in the presence of positional and diagonal disorder. Due to the interplay of disorder and cooperative effects (sub- and super-radiance) a novel type of localization transition is shown to emerge, differing in several aspects from standard localization transitions which occur along the real energy axis. The localization transition discussed here is characterized by a mobility edge along the imaginary energy axis of the eigenvalues which is mostly independent of the real energy value of the eigenmodes. Differently from usual mobility edges it separates extended states from hybrid localized states and it manifests itself in the large moments of the participation ratio of the eigenstates. Our prediction of a mobility edge in the imaginary axis, i.e., depending on the eigenmode lifetime, paves the way to achieve control both in the time and space domains of open quantum systems.